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Conceptual illustration explaining what is open circuit in labelled text If you've ever flipped a light switch and nothing happened, you’ve likely encountered an open circuit without even realizing it. In simple terms, an open circuit breaks the path that electricity needs to flow, stopping current in its tracks. Understanding how open circuits work is helpful not only for those learning electronics but also for teams involved in product design, testing, and manufacturing inc

How much does it cost to replace a PCB guide by A2Z Electronics When a device fails, one of the first things many OEMs ask is, “Is it the PCB?” And if it is, the next question comes fast: “How much will it cost to replace?” In 2026, the answer isn’t always simple. The PCB replacement cost depends on the type of board, the number of layers, component availability, turnaround time, and more. But knowing what to expect can help you avoid budget surprises, plan better, and keep y

USB Pinout Guide cover by A2Z Electronics showing a hand holding assembled USB with circuit board You’ve likely used a USB cable today. Maybe you charged your phone, connected a keyboard, or transferred some files. But have you ever thought about what’s happening inside that small plug? Put simply, the USB pinout is the layout of internal pins inside a USB connector. These pins control how devices share power and data. If you’re starting to explore electronics or just love le

Aluminum vs FR4 PCB comparison & differences If you're building an electronic product, the type of PCB you use can make or break its performance. It's not just about connecting components. It's about keeping them cool, running efficiently, and lasting longer. That’s why many engineers and designers compare aluminium vs FR4 PCB. While both are commonly used in electronics, they meet very different performance and design requirements. Some projects demand high thermal performan

In electronic contract manufacturing, product quality sets the foundation for performance, safety, and long-term reliability. As electronic devices become more complex, the demand for consistent and dependable PCB assemblies continues to grow. The IPC-A-610 standard provides a widely accepted framework for evaluating the quality of electronic assemblies. For OEMs and contract manufacturers, IPC-A-610 helps create a shared language around workmanship standards. From soldering

Today’s electronics are doing more in less space .  Brighter lights, faster processors, tighter layouts. But with power comes heat, and managing that heat has become a real challenge in product design. Enter the metal core PCB. If you’ve ever had to deal with overheating issues in LED lights, power converters, or automotive systems, you know how frustrating and costly it can be. That’s why metal PCBs have become the go-to choice for engineers looking to keep devices cool, sta

When building electronic devices that demand long-lasting reliability, strong connections, and excellent power handling, through-hole technology remains a dependable choice. Despite the rise of surface mount components, THT still plays a significant role in industries where strength and durability matter more than miniaturization. In this blog, we’ll explore what is a through hole, how through hole components are used, what sets through hole vs surface mount technologies apar

Engineer inspecting a panel of rigid PCB boards In today’s fast-moving electronics world, devices are expected to be smaller, faster, and more reliable. At the heart of these devices lies the printed circuit board—a vital foundation that holds and connects electronic components . Among the different types of printed circuit boards , the rigid PCB remains one of the most widely used due to its strength, reliability, and ability to support complex circuits. OEMs across industri

Close-up of assembling components inside electronic box system Box build assembly may sound like a final step in electronics manufacturing, but it’s where everything truly comes together. From internal wiring to enclosure integration, a box build assembly partner plays a direct role in how your end product performs in the real world. That’s why choosing the right partner isn’t just helpful; it’s a decision that can shape your product’s success, reliability, and speed to marke

Electronics are everywhere: phones, vehicles, medical devices, LED lights, satellites—you name it. At the heart of these devices is the printed circuit board (PCB) , and how components are placed on that board can make a real difference in how the final product performs. Two of the most common methods used today are surface mount technology vs through-hole. While both are widely used, they serve different purposes and work better in various scenarios. If you’ve ever compared